horizontal agreements
horizontal agreements 同(行)业协议；横向协议 在同一销量水平的同行业竞争者之间为控制商品价格等目的而达成的协议。 (→horizontal restraint (of trade))
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Search Results for: HORIZONTAL AGREEMENT
horizontal agreement
horizontal agreement. See horizontal restraint under RESTRAINT OF TRADE.
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horizontal competition
Competition between a seller and its competitors. • The Sherman Act prohibits unrea-sonable restraints on horizontal competition, such as price-fixing agreements between competitors. — Also termed primary-line competition.
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vertical price-fixing agreement
vertical price-fixing agreement 纵向固定价格协议 生产商与批发商、零售商或批发商与零售商间或相互间订立的旨在维持商品转售价格的协议，这种协议为反垄断法所禁止。 (→horizontal price-fixing)
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horizontal restraint
A restraint of trade imposed by agreement between competitors at the same level of distribution. • The restraint is horizontal not because it has horizontal effects, but because it is the product of a horizontal agreement. — Also termed horizontal agreement.
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restraint of trade
restraint of trade. 1. A limitation on business dealings or professional or gainful occupations. 2. Antitrust. An agreement between or combination of businesses intended to eliminate competition, create a monopoly, artificially raise prices, or otherwise adversely affect the free market. • Restraints of trade are usu. illegal, but may be declared reasonable if they are
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competition
competition. The struggle for commercial advantage; the effort or action of two or more commercial interests to obtain the same business from third parties. fair competition. Open, equitable, and just competition between business competitors. horizontal competition. Competition between a seller and its competitors. • The Sherman Act prohibits unrea-sonable restraints on horizontal competition, such as
price fixing
price-fixing. The artificial setting or maintenance of prices at a certain level, contrary to the workings of the free market. • Price-fixing is usu. illegal per se under antitrust law. See FIX(3). [Cases: Monopolies 17(1.7). C.J.S. Monopolies §§ 83–85, 87.] “Price-fixing agreements may or may not be aimed at complete elimination of price competition. The